Developmental Psychology Attachment Essay - 1488 Words

Attachment is the formation of a two-way emotional bond between a child and an adult caregiver. It is an important part of developmental psychology, which is concerned with reasons and causes for human behaviour, addressing both nurture and nature aspects of childrearing. John Bowlby (1907-1990) is a key psychologist involved in the studies and theories concerning attachment. He summarised his point and the reason for attachment as follows: Based on the above, this essay intends to focus on Bowlby’s work which set out to discover links between early separation and later maladjustment through his ‘maternal deprivation hypothesis.’ This will include the reasons and importance of attachment, leading to correlations between a child’s†¦show more content†¦He also believed there was a ‘critical period,’ amounting to the first three years of a child’s life, whereby attachment deprivation in this period causes irreversible developmental effects. There are problems with these stages in that they are too rigid and do not allow for babies’ unpredictability and individualism, since they failed to take into account cultural or childrearing differences. Evidence for this was produced by Schaffer and Emerson (1964). They gained results in the observation of sixty babies which brought in some doubt to Bowlby’s monotropism theory. They observed the babies showing contradictory patterns of attachment, whereby nearly a third had formed several attachments as opposed to just one. Furthermore, by 10months old 60% of the babies had formed more than one attachment, for example with their grandparents or siblings. However, Lorenz (1952) conducted a study, with the use of goslings to try and demonstrate a similarity between attachment and imprinting in animals. This gave support to Bowlby’s belief concerning monotropy and the critical period, as the chicks would imprint of the first moving thing they saw, whether it was the actual mother goose or Lorenz himself. Lorenz’s study gave weight to Bowlby’s account, because the chicks followed Lorenz instantly from hatching, suggesting theShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Developmental Psychology : Attachment Theory1178 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe and evaluate two theories in developmental psychology Attachment theory, it refers to an affectionate bond. â€Å"A relatively extended and enduring connection with the partner is important as a unique individual is interchangeable with no other† Ainsworth (1989) cited in Gross (2003) hand out in class (03/06/2013).The aim of this attachment is for the infant to remain in close proximity to the attachment figure as she is considered the secure base and the infant would become distressed on separationRead MoreAttachment in Developmental Psychology1796 Words   |  8 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Attachment is the bond that links humans to vital people in their lives. This bond begins to develop early on in life. 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Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan Free Essays

string(184) " Higher Education in England In 1892, at the age of only 16, he sailed to England to study and in 3 years, at age 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England\." Submitted to: Sir Superman Submitted by: James Bond Degree ‘34’ Syndicate ‘CIA’ Date: 21-03-2013 CONTENTS Chapter 1 * Background * Quaid’s early life * Education Chapter 2 * Politics * Membership of Congress * Hindu-Muslim Unity * Devotion to Muslim League * Leadership of Muslims Chapter 3 * Thought of Separate Homeland * Pakistan Resolution * Gandhi-Quaid meetings * Views about Quaid Chapter 4 * Defending Policy of Quaid Chapter 5 * Formation of Federal Cabinet * Constitutional Problems * Establishment of Capital * Provincial Government Establishment of Administrative Headquarters * Foreign Affairs * Education Policy CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES 1) Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. We will write a custom essay sample on Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) 2) Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) 3) Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Karachi: Karachi university,2002). 4) Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947 5) Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. ) Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. 7) Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986) 8) Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. 9) www. national heritage . government. pk 10) â€Å"Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah†. Government of Pakistan Website. 11) â€Å"Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah†. The Jinnah Society. 12) â€Å"Jinnah: South Asia’s greatest ever leader†. 13) BBC’s Poll for South Asia’s greatest ever leader. 14) â€Å"The Father of Pakistan†. The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. 15) â€Å"Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)†. Story of Pakistan. 16) â€Å"Jinnah’s speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan†. 11 August 1947. 17) â€Å"Jinnah’s Thought at a Glance†. Yes Pakistan. com. 18) â€Å"Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)†. Harappa. com. 19) â€Å"Pictures of Quaid (Album)†. Urdu Point. 20) â€Å"South Asia’s Clarence Darrow†. Chow. 21) â€Å"I Remember Jinnah†. Daily Dawn (newspaper). 22) â€Å"1947 – August†. Chronicles Of Pakistan ACKNOWLEDGE This research paper is dedicated to all those martyres who worked the reation of a separate home land for Muslims. They helped Quaid-e-As am in this great mission and gave sacrifices for our independence . They face many problems and hardships for the independence of Muslims in the subcontinent. I would like to thank James Bond for assigning this topic to me. It was tr uly an enlightening experience for me to do research on this topic. I would also like to thank my respected teacher Iron Man for guiding me and providing me with more than enough knowledge on this topic. The research was mainly done using the help of computers and internet therefore the bibliography section may look a little empty at first. But once one gets to visit these internet sites he is marveled by the amount of data provided on the respective topic. So hats off to all those people who are spending their precious time to run these enlightening websites. Without these the worth of internet would be much less in the context of knowledge. The main objective of this research paper is to highlights the efforts of the Quaid-e-As am Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the creation of Pakistan. His role in the formation of Pakistan and in the initial administration of Pakistan after independence because he handled all the problems of Pakistan when there were only few people who knew about administrative problems. ————————————————- INTRODUCTION Quaid-e-As am as an architect of Pakistan Some revisionist people criticize Pakistan and few even go so far as to question the integrity of Quaid-e-As am in demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims of Hindustan. This modern disease has even spread to those who live in the West but have Pakistani roots. It is however interesting that all these critical people studied in Pakistani schools, travelled on Pakistani passports and have families in that country. Painting a realistic image of Pakistan in our young people’s minds is the only way they can hope to have a sense of belonging to the country and the elderly generation has a duty to provide a great deal in helping such parents and families living abroad whose roots are still fastened firmly with this land. Coming back to he topic, it is very difficult to add something new or something that is not known about him. Yet the paradox is that the younger generation has to be reminded of his contribution to the history of Muslims of the Subcontinent What I want to share with you about Quaid, is not only the information from history books, magazines and films, but also what was told to me by my father and those who saw the Quaid, worked for t he cause of Pakistan and saw the creation of Pakistan. Pakistan’s story is so much linked with the life of the Quaid –e-As am that one cannot be told without the other. So who was this great man, who with the help of his type writer and an adoring sister created the largest country for Muslims in the world in a span of few years. In his biography of titled â€Å"Jinnah of Pakistan†, the American historian, Stanley Wilbert, makes the following observation that so accurately describes the legacy of Quaid and his footprint on history: â€Å"Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah did all three. During his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit. ————————————————- ———————————â €”————- CHAP # 1 Quaid’s Early life Background According to Sarojini Naidu, a famous Congress politician, close friend and follower of Gandhi but also author of Quaid’s first biography, Quaid’s ancestors were Hindu Rajput who converted to Islam. Jinnah’s family belonged to the Ismailia Kahoka branch of Shi’a Islam. Early Education He studied at several schools at the Sind Madras a-tool-Islam in Karachi; briefly at the Goal Das Ten Primary School in Bombay; and finally at the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi, where, at age sixteen, he passed the matriculation examination other University of Bombay. Higher Education in England In 1892, at the age of only 16, he sailed to England to study and in 3 years, at age 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England. You read "Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan" in category "Essay examples" During his student years in England, Jinnah came under the influence of 19th-century British liberalism, and his education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation and progressive politics. But later as an Indian intellectual and political authority, Jinnah would find his commitment to the Western ideal of the nation-state and the reality of Indian society of many religions, cultures and ethnic groups difficult to reconcile during his later political career. In 1896 he returned to India and settled in Bombay. He built a House in Malabar Hill, later known as Jinnah House. He Became a successful lawyer, gaining particular fame For his skilled handling. His reputation as a skilled lawyer Prompted Indian leader Bal Gangadhar Tikal to hire him as defense counsel for his sedition trial in 1905. Quaid argued that it was not sedition for an Indian to demand freedom and self-government in his own country. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ——â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ———————————————— ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- —————————————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- ————————————————- CHAP # 2 Introduction to Politics Membership of Congress Soon after his return to India, he joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest political organization in India. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favor outright independence, considering British influences on education, law, culture and industry as beneficial to India. Quaid had initially avoided joining the All India Muslim League, founded in 1906 because he regarded it as too religiously oriented. However he decided to provide leadership to the Muslim minority. Hindu-Muslim Unity ; Joining Muslim League His efforts to work for all Indians was so much respected that he was called; Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity. Eventually, he joined the Muslim League in 1913 and became the President at the 1916 session in Luck now. Jinnah was the architect of the 1916 Luck now Pact between the Congress and the League, bringing them together on most issues regarding self-government and presenting a united front to the British. Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a law violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which a temperamentally law abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved of. One Western journalist asked Quaid, why he never went to jail while all Congress leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Baldev Singh have been in many times in prison. Quaid replies: â€Å"I am a parliamentarian. Prison is for criminals†. In 1924 Quaid, officially reorganized the Muslim League and Devoted the next seven years attempting to bring about Unity among various ranks of Muslims and to develop Rational formula to effect a Hindu Muslim settlement, Which he considered the pre-condition for Indian freedom. This task was very difficult and was frustrated in the start. Balder Singh â€Å"He once remarked that every time, I put my hand in the pocket, I find forged coins, refereeing to disunity and internal fight among Muslim leaders†. Even if he was working tirelessly to unite Muslims in Hindustan, he attended several unity conferences between Congress and Muslim league. He wrote the â€Å"Delhi Muslim Proposals in 1927†, pleaded for the incorporation of the basic Muslim demands in the Nehru report, and formulated the â€Å"Fourteen Points† Furthermore, in 1927, Quaid entered negotiations with Muslim and Hindu leaders on the issue of a future constitution, during the struggle against the all-British Simon Commission. The Muslim League wanted separate electorates while the Nehru Report favored joint electorates. Quaid personally opposed separate electorates, but accepted the decision of his party. He then drafted compromises and put forth demands that he thought would satisfy both. These became known as the 14 points of Mr. Jinnah. However, they were rejected by the Congress and other political parties. The British government called 2 Round Table Conferences in London to let Hindustani leaders to work out their differences, but talks failed. Quaid was so disillusioned by the breakdown of talks, that in 1931 he relocated to London in order to practice in the Privy Council Bar. Devotion to Muslim League That was a dark time for Muslims in India. But luckily, prominent Muslim leaders like Allama Iqbal, the Aga Khan and Chaudhary Rah mat Ali made efforts to convince Quaid to return from London to India and take charge of a now-reunited Muslim League. In 1934 Quaid returned and began to re-organize the party, being closely assisted by Liquate Ali Khan, who would act as his right-hand man. In the 1937 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly, the League emerged as a competent party, capturing a significant number of seats under the Muslim electorate, but lost in the Muslim-majority Punjab, Sind and the North-West Frontier Province. After the election success, Quaid offered an alliance with the Congress – both bodies would face the British together, but the Congress had to share power, accept separate electorates and the League as the representative of India’s Muslims. That was a proof of Quaid was willing to go a long way to have an independent united Hindustan where Hindus and Muslims would be equal partners. The latter two terms were unacceptable to the Congress, which had its own national Muslim leaders and membership and adhered to One India. Even as Quaid held talks with Congress president Rajendra Prasad, Congress leaders suspected that Quaid would use his position as a lever for exaggerated demands and obstruct government, and demanded that the League merge with the Congress. The talks failed, and while Quaid declared the resignation of all legislators from provincial and central offices in 1938 as a â€Å"Day of Deliverance† from Hindu domination, some historians assert that he remained hopeful for an agreement. But it was becoming clearer to Quaid and his associates that may be Congress was interested in such solution. Gandhi often said to Quaid; â€Å"Let the British leave. Afterward, we can figure out a solution. † In one of his famous letters, Quaid asked Gandhi to be more precise as to how the power would be distributed. Gandhi replied; â€Å"My dear Jinnah, I cannot answer your questions because my inner light is not working†. Quaid wrote back; †To hell with your inner light. Why do not you admit that you have no answer to what I am asking†? ————————————————- CHAP # 3 The Idea of Pakistan By the way, a wish for a separate homeland for Muslims of Hindustan was in the air for some time. In a speech to the Muslim League in 1930, Llama Irbil raised the idea of an independent state for Muslims in â€Å"Northwest India†. Chaudhary Rah mat Ali published a pamphlet in 1933 advocating a state called â€Å"Pakistan†. Thought of Separate Homeland Following the failure to work with the Congress, Quaid, who had embraced separate electorates and the exclusive right of the Muslim League to represent Muslims, was converted to the idea that Muslims needed a separate state to protect their rights. He came to believe that Muslims and Hindus were distinct nations, with unbridgeable differences—a view later known as â€Å"the Two Nation Theory†. Quaid declared that a united India would lead to the marginalization of Muslims, and eventually civil war between Hindus and Muslims. This change of view may have occurred through his correspondence with Allama Iqbal, who was close to him. Pakistan resolution In the session in Lahore in 1940, the Pakistan resolution was adopted as the main goal of the Muslim League. The resolution was rejected outright by the Congress, and criticized by many Muslim leaders like Maulana Abu Kalama Azad, Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, Side Abdul Al Muddy and the Jamaal-e-Islamic. On 26 July 1943, Quaid was stabbed and wounded by a member of the extremist Chasers in an attempted assassination. During the mission of British minister Stafford Cripps, Jinnah demanded parity between the number of Congress and League ministers, the League’s exclusive right to appoint Muslims and a right for Muslim-majority provinces to secede, leading to the breakdown of talks. When it became clear to both British and Congress party that Quaid and Muslim League would not budge from its demand, they made a common front against him. Gandhi-Quaid meetings In 1944 Gandhi held talks fourteen times with Quaid in Bombay, about a united front— while talks failed, Gandhi’s overtures to Jinnah increased as a last ditch effort to avoid the partition of Hindustan. But League was becoming very representative of all Muslims. The League’s influence increased in the Punjab after the death of Unionist leader Sikandar Hayat Khan in 1942. In the 1946 elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the Congress won most of the elected seats, while the League won a large majority of Muslim electorate seats. Interim Government portfolios were announced on 25 October 1946. Muslim Leaguers were sworn in on 26 October 1946. The League entered the interim government, but Quaid refrained from accepting office for himself. This was credited as a major victory for Quaid, as the League entered government having rejected both plans, and was allowed to appoint an equal number of ministers despite being the minority party. The coalition was unable to work, resulting in a rising feeling within the Congress that independence of Pakistan was the only way of avoiding political chaos and possible civil war. Different views about Quaid Some revisionist historians like H M Serve and Ayesha Jalap assert that Quaid never wanted partition of India. It was actually the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. It is asserted that Quaid only used the Pakistan demand as a method to mobilize support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims. Whatever the case may be, looking at the poor situation of Indian Muslims today and their second class status, Pakistanis should be grateful that Quaid gave up the idea of a united India after the British departure and insisted that Muslims in Hindustan should have their own homeland. Quaid has gained the admiration of major Indian nationalist politicians like Leal Krishna Advani whose comments praising Jinnah caused uproar in his own Bharatiya Janta Party Jessant Singh likewise praised Jinnah for standing up to the Indian National Congress and the British. Everyone from Mount baton, Gandhi, and Nehru down to ordinary persons, friend and foe all agreed that during his lifetime, he brought the wisdom to walk in the path of honor, the courage to follow his convictions, and an abiding compassion for others. He enriched us all by the nobility of his spirit. In his book â€Å"Verdict on India† (1944), Beverley Nichols, the British author and journalist has a chapter; Dialogue with a Giant. This is about his meeting with Quaid. He wrote; â€Å"Mr. Jinnah is in a position of unique strategic importance. He can sway the battle this way or that as he chooses. His 100 million Muslims will march to the left, to the right, to the front, to the rear at his bidding and at nobody else’s. If Gandhi goes, there is Nehru or Raj opal or Paten or a dozen others. But if Jinnah goes, who is there? † CHAP # 4 Jinnah’s Vision for Pakistan Defending Policy of Quaid In 1937, Quaid defended his ideology of equality in his speech to the All-India Muslim League in Luck now where he stated, â€Å"Settlement can only be achieved between equals. † He also had a rebuttal to Nehru’s statement which argued that the only two parties that mattered in India were the British Raj and INC. † Jinnah stated that the Muslim League was the third and â€Å"equal partner† within Indian politics. Quaid gave a precise definition of the term ‘Pakistan’ in 1941 at Lahore in which he stated: â€Å"Some confusion prevails in the minds of some individuals in regard to the use of the word ‘Pakistan’. This word has become synonymous with the Lahore resolution owing to the fact that it is a convenient and compendious method of describing it. Whilst giving an interview to American press representatives in July 1942, when asked by one of the journalists whether the Muslims were a nation or not, Quaid replied: â€Å"We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendar, history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions, in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all cannons of international law we are a nation. † A controversy has raged in Pakistan about whether Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a secular state or an Islamic state. His views as expressed in his policy speech on 11 August 1947 said: â€Å"I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State†. Jinnah, 11August 1947 – presiding over the constituent assembly. Quaid wanted a secular state, but with Islamic principles. The reason is that a true Islamic state is not a theocratic state â€Å"Pakistan is not going to be a theocratic State to be ruled by priests with a divine mission. We have many non-Muslims – Hindus, Christians, and Parses – but they are all Pakistanis. They will enjoy the same rights and privileges as any other citizens and will play their rightful part in the affairs of Pakistan†. Broadcast talk to the people of the United States of America on Pakistan recorded February 1948 Inaugurating the assembly on 11 August 1947, Quaid spoke of an inclusive and pluralist democracy promising equal rights for all citizens regardless of religion, caste or creed. This address is a cause of much debate in Pakistan as, on its basis, many claim that Jinnah wanted a secular state while supporters of Islamic Pakistan assert that this speech is being taken out of context when compared to other speeches by him. On 11 October 1947, in an address to Civil, Naval, Military and Air Force Officers of Pakistan Government, Karachi, he said: â€Å"We should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find free play†. On 21 February 1948, in an address to the officers and men of the 5th Heavy and 6thLight Regiments in Mali, Karachi, he said: â€Å"You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood in your own native soil. With faith, discipline and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve†. CHAP # 5 Quaid-e-As am as a Governor General On 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-As am Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the 1st Governor General. He remained Governor General for thirteen months. During this period, he solved many important national issues. Some of them are mentioned as under: Formation of Federal Cabinet As soon as the Quaid-e-As am took an immediate action and nominated members of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly. Liquate Ali Khan was elected as the Prime Minister. Other members of the cabinet were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th August 1947. Members of the Cabinet 1. Vardar Abdul Rib Nester (Transports) 2. Raja Ghazanfer Ali Khan (Agriculture) 3. Fazal-ur-Rehman (Education) 4. I. I Chundrigar (Industry) 5. Glulam Mohammad (Finance) 6. Jogander Nath Mandala (Law) 7. Sir Afar Ulla Khan Adjani (Affair) Constitutional Problems The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there was no constitution available of the newly born state. Thus this great achievement was done under the administrative leadership of the Quaid-e-As am. Establishment of Capital Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan. Provincial Government Quaid-e-As an elected Chief Minister and Governor. Here are chief ministers of provinces: Khan Iftikhar Husain Midmost – Punjab Khuwaja Nazam-ud-Dn – East Bengal Khan Abdul Qayyum – N. W. F. P Mohammad AyeChurro – Sind Chief Commissioner (British) – Baluchistan Administrative Head Quarters For the administrative reformation, a committee was set up and Chaudhary Mohammad Aye was made the Secretary General. Civil Services were re-organized and Civil Services Academy was constituted. The Secretariat was established. Moreover, Head-quarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up. An ammunition factory was also set up. Attention to Foreign Affairs Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-As am paid his utmost attention to the Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations with the neighboring and developed countries that were the main objective of the Foreign Policy. Membership of UNO After independence, Quaid-e-As am paid immediate attention for acquiring membership of the United Nations Organization (UNO). On 30th September 1947, Pakistan became the member of the UNO. This all, was done under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-As am. Implementation of Education Policy Education plays an important role in the development of a country. It improves living standard of a nation and development. Education sector also needed attention at the time of independence. For this purpose, he held the first Educational Conference in 1947. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve his nation with honesty and national spirit. He made nation with honesty and national spirit. He made acquisition of scientific and technological education compulsory for the students. Quaid-e-As am did a lot to improve education policy of the country. In the Service of Pakistan Quaid-e-As am served his country till his death. Despite his bad health, he kept on going through the important files. He succumbed to deadly disease of consumption. First Cabinet of Pakistan First cabinet of Pakistan was also elected by Quaid-e-As am. He took of it. Liquate Ali Khan was first Prime Minister of Pakistan. CONCLUSION In the conclusion I would like to say that Quaid was great leader and a true Muslim and he was a real architect of Pakistan. He was great leader and he proved it by the creation of Pakistan and he is guiding star for the generation to come and he is role model for generation to come. Limitations First of all I am thankful to Allah Almighty who enabled me to make this assignment. It is wisely said that one feels no pains after he has been successful in doing a work. But I would like to mention some as they are asked. I live in hired hostel where internet is not available. Therefore, I faced many difficulties in gathering data. Moreover, I do not have my own computer so I had to work on my roommate’s computer or on the lab computer. I had much burden of studies of other subjects. So, I could not give as much concentration to this assignment. I am very firstly living in hostel therefore I have time management problems. I also do not possess very vast general knowledge. Bibliography * Syed Shamsul Hassan ed. , Correspondence of Quaid-i-Azam M. A. Jinnahand other papers, Shamsul Hassan collection, Organizational Matters, Vol. I (1936-1947) * Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, (Karachi: Oxford University press, 1997) * Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speeches, statements and messages of Quaid-e-Azam. * BBC’s Poll for South Asia’s greatest ever leader. * â€Å"1947 – August†. Chronicles Of Pakistan. * â€Å"I Remember Jinnah†. Daily Dawn (newspaper). â€Å"Jinnah’s speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan†. 11 August 1947. * â€Å"Jinnah’s Thought at a Glance†. Yes Pakistan. com. * â€Å"Jinnah: South Asia’s greatest ever leader†. * â€Å"Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)†. Story of Pakistan. * â€Å"Mohammed Ali Jinnah (187 6–1948)†. Harappa. com. * Prof. Khurshid Ahmed, Islamic Ideology (Karachi: Karachi university,2002). * â€Å"Pictures of Quaid (Album)†. Urdu Point. * Quaid’s speech at university stadium Lahore, 30 october 1947. * â€Å"Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah†. Government of Pakistan Website. * â€Å"Quaid-e-As is Mohammad Ali Jinnah†. The Jinnah Society. Rajmohan Gandhi, Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986). * Syed Hussain Imam â€Å"Sterling qualities of Quaid†. * â€Å"South Asia’s Clarence Darrow†. Chow. * â€Å"The Father of Pakistan†. The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. * Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia. * www. national heritage . government. pk ————————————————- ———————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- THE END†¦ ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- How to cite Quaid E Azam- an Architect of Pakistan, Essay examples

Network Security and Prevention Methods †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Wireless Network Security and Prevention Methods. Answer: Introduction: The wireless network is prevented by the un-authentication and unauthorised access of data through the process of wireless security. With the increase of services provided by the wireless network, the risks associated with it is also increasing. A wireless access point is the most security concern because it can serve as the access point for the hackers who can access the confidential information of the user for enabling illegal activities (Saleh, 2013). Wired equivalent privacy and Wi-Fi protected access are the most commonly used wireless security. The policies which are used for securing the wireless network are wireless intrusion prevention system and wireless intrusion detection system. Challenges: The unauthorised access of wireless network can takes place through links, function, data, program code, and others. The prevention methods can be applied to the known mode of attacks. Every operation performed on the wireless network opens the door for the attacker to attack on the network which creates the scene of threatening. The following are some challenges in the wireless security which can cause disruption in the operational working of the organization: Challenges Short Falling of the organization Access control Vulnerability is the major challenge with the wireless network Authentication Insufficient practices for securing the wireless network. Authorization Lack of procedures of authentication Security of data Privacy of the data is not kept Detection of intrusion Compromising and misplacing of data Prevention from the intrusion Access of the network is given to the user without any necessary security control Monitoring system Monitoring of wireless network is a complex task. Problems: Some of the common modes of attack are listed below in the table: Types of attacks Description Accidental association The security perimeter can be violated by the accidental association. The overlapping of the network through wireless access point without the knowledge the user can create the entrance of security breaches. It can result into loss of confidential information and exploitation of the computer system. Wireless vulnerability is the cause of accidental association. It can be caused due to the association of the use on different APIs Malicious association Malicious association occurs when the wireless devices make use of the software created by the hackers. The hackers can get the access of the system through the access points. The security measures of virtual private network does not put barrier on the malicious attack. AdHoc network The security threat can be caused to AdHoc network. The Adhoc network is the point to point wireless connection of the network which does not possess access point. The Adhoc network act as a bridge for the corresponding network in the business world. The operation performed in the unsecured adhoc network can create the entrance for the security breaches. The exposure of private data can occur on the indirect bridges. The indirect bridge is created between the user system and the LAN connection. Non-traditional network The use of Bluetooth devices and personal network Can be the source of security breaches. MAC Spoofing The problem of MAC spoofing occurs when the hacker is able to crack the MAC address of the computer. Mac filtering is used for authorised the system with the Mac ID for gaining access and utilizing the network. The security through Mac filtering is efficient in the small network. It fails in the environment of organization network. Man in the middle attack Man in the middle attack occurs when hacker entered into the network through the medium of the access point. Hotspot is the area of security threats. The de-authentication attack can be executed by using handshake protocols. Denial of service attack When the large request of connection is sent to the access point, the situation of denial of service attack occurs. It can interrupt te flow of data on the network. Extensible authentication protocol is the failure in the denial of service attack. The organization data can be disclosed to the hackers. Prevention methods: There are three principles used for securing the wireless network which are described below: In the environment of closed network, the access points are configured for putting restriction on the access of data (Wuest, 2010). The restrictions are in the form of encryption methods such as Mac Address. The wireless LAN security can be implemented by using the network model of wireless intrusion prevention system. In the large organization, the isolation of the wireless network is used for preventing open and unencrypted data (Mylonas, 2016). The security measures should be checked and update periodically for the betterment of wireless security program. The user cannot access the internet through any local devices. All the web traffic is forwarded to the captive portal, when the use asked to access data then he has to pay for taking authorisation. The virtual private network can be used for securing the network of the enterprise. It has been analysed, in wireless network more security is required than wired network. In the wireless network, the hacker can get the access of the network through backdoors (Sari, 2015). For securing the access through backdoors, the peer to peer encryption method is required. Some of the security measures are described in the table below: Security Measures Descriptions SSID hiding It is the simple method of securing the wireless network by hiding the service set identifier. The efforts for casual intrusion can be protected. Mac ID filtering Pre-approved Mac address is allowing access to the network. Mac ID filtering is used is used for securing the wireless access points (Laeeq, 2011). The sniffing process can be used by the authorised user for securing the Mac address from spoofing. Static IP addressing The IP addresses are provided to the client through the medium of DHCP in the environment of wireless access points (Preston, 2014). The client can make their own IP addresses which is difficult for the hacker to predict it. 802.11 security The authentication mechanism approved by IEEE standard is used to secure Wireless LAN network. Wired Equivalent privacy The wired equivalent security mechanism can be used for wireless network ratification. It is used for securing modern equipment. WEP protocol is used for upgrading the equipment residing on the organization network. TKIP protocol is used for improving the wired equivalent privacy. Wi-Fi protected access It is the security protocol which is used for addressing the problems occurred in wired equivalent privacy methods. It is the combination of 802.11 IEEE standard and FIPS 140-2 compliance. The keys and the encryption schemes restrict the user to access the network. Wi-Fi protected access is the improved security measure over wired equivalent privacy. RADIUS based authentication is used for securing the enterprise through Wi-Fi protected access. The sequence of key should be created for inclusion of encrypting the message (Gowsalya, 2012). The pre-shared shared key is used for establishing authentication mechanism (Bhatnagar, 2015). It make used of 8 to 63 character password. The hexadecimal string is used for developing shared key. TKIP (Temporary key integrity prototcol) 802.11i is the IEEE standard for temporary key integrity protocol. The message integrity check can be performed by re-keying system. This protocol helps in overcoming the problem of WEP. Applications: The wireless network is successfully used in satellite connections, broadcast radio, infrared communication, Wi-Fi, Microwave communication, mobile communication system, Bluetooth technology, and many others. The wireless network is the accumulation of television remote control, security system, cell phones, Wi-Fi, wireless power transfer, computer interface devices, and others. Some of the common applications of wireless network are smart phones which makes use of android system which depends on induction motor control, Automation in home based on Arduino, load management system controlled by phone, cell phone used in robotic vehicle movement, LED make use of dialled telephone number, load control system by making use of DTMF, message communication between two wireless computer, sequential load operation based on android, electronically controlled notice board for remotely controlling the android, android application based on remote operated domestic appliances, generation of remote password for controlling the operation securely in the application based on android operating system, remote control home automation system, and many more. Impact of issues on real life: Wireless network change the scenario of the medical world. The wireless network helps in bringing social change all over the world. The capabilities of the wireless communication help in protecting the environment (Bidgoli, 2015). The mobile phones and other devices can be used for measuring the temperature of the location, endangered species around the area, increases the productivity of the organization, connects people from all over the world, and others (Ahmad, 2012). Reflection and summary: From the analysis of wireless security, I concluded that the basic step which should be followed are conduction of risk assessment plan, designing of the security program, indulging of monitoring process, countermeasures for vulnerabilities, and maintenance for overcoming the problem of security attack and associated vulnerabilities. Conclusion: The advancement of wireless technology creates the picture of challenge for wireless security. Every operation performed on the wireless network opens the door for the attacker to attack on the network which creates the scene of threatening. The security measures should be checked and update periodically for the betterment of wireless security program. References: Ahmad, A. (2012).Types of security threats and its prevention (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://ijcta.com/documents/volumes/vol3issue2/ijcta2012030240.pdf Bidgoli, H. (2015).Handbook of information security, threatsm vulnerabilities, and prevention (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0RfANAwOUdICpg=PA93lpg=PA93dq=Research+paper+pdf+on+wireless+network+security+and+prevention+methodssource=blots=pGTo6qv3rjsig=QrlN3OCi_wtlxlRzERbffBnN9EIhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjp0YfKvYbUAhXDRY8KHYHxC3s4ChDoAQgzMAM#v=onepageq=Research%20paper%20pdf%20on%20wireless%20network%20security%20and%20prevention%20methodsf=false Bhatnagar, R. (2015).Wi-Fi security: A literature review of security in wireless network (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=research%20paper%20pdf%20on%20wireless%20network%20secuirty%20and%20prevvention%20methods%20source=webcd=9cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiU7-WcvYbUAhXMs48KHedICEIQFghqMAgurl=https://www.impactjournals.us/download.php%3Ffname%3D2-77-1431690921-4.%2520Eng-%2520Wi-Fi%2520Security%2520A%2520Literature%2520Review%2520of%2520Security%2520in%2520Wireless%2520Network-Ruchir%2520Bhatnagar.pdfusg=AFQjCNGkDZDzLTuf05jYc3-ncdoRivuIKg Gowsalya, M. (2012).Detection and prevention of congestion attacks on wireless network (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://ijettjournal.org/volume-3/issue-3/IJETT-V3I3P210.pdf Laeeq, K. (2011).Security challenges and prevention in wireless communications (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/Security_Challenges_Preventions_in_Wireless_Communications.pdf Mylonas, P. (2016).Real life paradigm of wireless network security attacks (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.image.ece.ntua.gr/papers/703.pdf Preston, D. (2014).Security measures in wired and wireless networks (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/ewic_iict09_s4paper2.pdf Saleh, Z. (2013).Wireless networking security in Jordan (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://airccse.org/journal/nsa/5413nsa03.pdf Sari, A. (2015).Comparative analysis of wireless security protocol (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://file.scirp.org/pdf/IJCNS_2015121715205514.pdf Wuest, C. (2010).Wireless networking security (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.infosec.gov.hk/english/technical/files/wireless.pdf

Sustainable Climatic Change Adaptation Plan-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Sustainable Climatic Change Adaptation Plan? Answer: Introduction Climatic change is the critical determinant that ensures the sustainable condition of life. From 1850, the mean global temperature has increased in a systematical manner by the effect of burning fossil fuel and greenhouse gasses. The change in mankind, agriculture, food, behavior, location, cost, preservation, conservation, speed and the relativity of technology all these are critical aspects which are connected with the adaptive change in climatic conditions. The report shed light on the climatic condition of Melbourne, a city of Australia. The zero-emission strategy of their municipality commission has impacted over the global change in the environment in Australia. Climate change is a risk for the sustainable climatic condition thus their focus and commitment has imposed over the progressive nature of adaptation procedure. The industrious revolution, food accessibility, food system all these are changed by the time and that expected change is come because of that weather condition . In this report, the discussion over a change in the climatic conditions in Australia and the position over the risk orientation with it show in an illustrious view so that adaptive measures are being taken. Climatic and geographical influence Different weather systems are persisted in Australia that affects the natural environment and significant climate features in changed atmospheric conditions. Melbourne is situated at the southern part of city center. The greenery and the forest accumulation mad ethe city fresher and have no issue regarding the climatic change. The phase of El Nino provides extensive warming due to the effect of coastal Pacific Ocean, the average rainfall is being set as the cooling and water supply is being related by the process. Vision over the climatic change in Melbourne has adapted by several goals and principles. The Indian Ocean also provides a certain effect in Australian climatic change (Vardoulakis et al. 2014). Sea surface temperature has been noted as high by the influence of Indian Ocean. The technical report has given from CSIRO has illustrated the estimation of seasons, rainfalls, temperatures and humidity. In Melbourne, four climatic changes are found that must get a significant impac t on the potential climatic conditions. The condition of decline rainfall and drought situation can make a huge impact on the climatic situation of Melbourne. The declaration of annual rainfall in rainy days considered a huge fall as in 2030 the percentage of declaration will 6% and in 2070 the declining percentage will be 10- 19%. The rise of annual temperature will have a sudden increase of 0.3 to 1.0-degree celsius and 0.6 to 2.5-degree celsius by 2050. The rainfall intensity has got an increase of 0.9% by 2030 and 3.0 to 5.9% by 2070. Thus, combustion of green house gases, burning influence of fossil fuel and industrial revolution has made a greater impact over the atmosphere (Wroe et al. 2013). Rainfall circulation is the peak in the tropical zone and decrease of rainfall in eastern and southern Australia. Sea level has risen almost 1.4 mm per year and extreme fire weather days have increased in 2010 and onwards. The depth of snow is decreasing by the time and intensity of the temperature and records are being set from 2013 onwards. Climatic change positioning The change in a climatic system is noticed and as the 90% of extra energy is being produced by the accumulated climatic change thus long-term surface temperature is sustained which is exactly not required for the country. The major challenge in Melbourne climatic adaptation is risk management and the effective strategies to mitigate this. There are some critical areas where water supply is the concern risk factor because of reduced rainfall. There is some extreme temperature rise of Melbourne that affected the average high temperature of 7-degree centigrade (VanDerWal et al. 2013). There are some key changes that make a considerable change in the climatic condition in Australia. The expected growth in emissions that impacted over the agriculture, ecosystem and biodiversity in Australia. There are certain obligations where global climate change adaptation is the key aspect to indulge in. The adverse impact of climatic changes in Pacific and Asia has impacted over the climatic condition over Australia. The effective global mitigation policies and expected IPCC projection have based on the examined point of view of impactful results regarding the climatic changes. In the World Food Summit in 1996, the declaration of the food supply is asserted as the nutritious and healthy food intake is the dietary need and preference of the people. People should intake the healthy and safe food. If food system has been changed by the influence of climatic change than the insecurities over the food metabolism and the potential impact of the food insecure countries have evolved in a greater way. Food supply has been depending on the three segmentation of food analysis. These are the availability of food, trend, and level of food and variability of access and supplies of food (Urban 2015). Health, hygiene, and consumption all these are related to the food supply and nutritional process of the system. Refugees policies and imposed penalties are implemented to save the refugees from the external disturbance. However, the climatic change forces the refugees to move their place and roam for the better and suitable places. The impact of high temperature and the extr eme prediction of annual temperature growth in Melbourne have projected in the scenario. There are some immigration activities that curtailed the population percentage and retained the facility for the children and women. Community placement, work right problem, case support accession, security assessment these all are the denied proximal vividness that impacted over the refugee movements (Taylor et al. 2013). ABF Act implemented effect from 1st July 2015 to precede the immigration process in an ethical way [Refer to Appendix 3]. Risk management issue owed to climatic change Climate change in 2020 or 2050 is assumed as the most drastic change in environment. The way global warming is engrossing and the consistent contributions of greenhouse effect are carried over the mitigation of these things are quite challenging for the world. Melbourne has considered that mitigate the warming of 5% within 2020. This is a challenging task as the trajectory range of warming is increasing at an average by 40 to 60 % in the global aspect. Hence, risk behind the cost disruption and assumed climatic change can make the better impact over the next generation. There are certain climate models like temporal resolution and spatial resolution which offers calculative calmative variables and horizontal grid of determining longitude and latitude specification on a change in climate. The equitation mathematical representation analysis with grid variation and progression of climate model has emphasized on the parallel changes in restoration and temporal understanding on the improv ed scenario of climatic changes (Change et al. 2014). Other forms of risk management included the two scenarios in global change. The first one is high emission scenario and the other is very low emission scenario. The affected scenarios in this aspect are land surface, Biosphere, atmosphere, and ocean where the evaporation from land and evaporation from Ocean has happened in a drastic way. In such cases, heavier rain periods have seen thereafter. Flooding increases bushfires and sea level rise is the accused scenario for these situations (Howes et al. 2015). Adaptation plan Adaptation plans need to be taken for controlling the measure and define the probable climatic extension so that life can sustain in this earth. In Australia, annual rainfall, wind projection, temperature issues all these can be controlled by the two adaptive strategies management. The infrastructure of the country may have been designed in a better way so that climatic effects may mitigate in a bit (Adger et al. 2013). The next adaptation strategies are agriculture, this is one of the most important and effective strategies that must be implemented in a right manner so that in this global warming arena normal atmosphere sustain in the desired way. Current climate condition and appraising the adoption plans are important for the sections development as well as multilateral environmental facts (Leonard et al. 2013). Capacity gap and assessing the development need in climate versatilities are important to make strategies so that risk can be mitigated. National Adaptation Plan (NAP) is essential understanding to make stocktaking on the climate change, as the addressing climatic changes are sensitive enough to deal with the technical capacity and co-benefit adaptation. Implementation strategies like promoting coordination and regional level of synergy have to be planned in an ethical way so that enhancement of appropriate strategy must implement to sustain good environment culture of the environment. In case of initiating or launching a process of NAP, legitimate climatically change and developed measure can serve the public awareness as well (Wheeler, Zuo and Bjornlund 2013). Therefore, adaptive policies are must be taken for strengthening the cooperative activities and for the evaluation performances to support the conventional process of mitigating the effect of climatic changes. Conclusion Therefore, the report can be concluded that changing climate is an important issue that creates a great impact on all the aspects of Melbourne. The reason may be global warming of the greenhouse gas inflation in the world but the sufferer is always the lively once. The depth of snow decline as well as the rain in some parts, some parts of Australia is flooded through. So the contrasting scenario is presented for that reason. Sea level rise or the frequent hotter climatic change has made a hint of imbalance situation in the atmosphere. Thus in future, the whole world and Melbourne too can surface a big trouble to mitigate that. Hence, to avoid such consequences, proper planning and adaptation policies are taken for the developed and systematic change in climate. References: Adger, W.N., Barnett, J., Brown, K., Marshall, N. and O'Brien, K., 2013. Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation. Nature Climate Change,3(2), p.112. Change, I.P.O.C., 2014. IPCC.Climate change. Howes, M., Tangney, P., Reis, K., Grant-Smith, D., Heazle, M., Bosomworth, K. and Burton, P., 2015. Towards networked governance: improving interagency communication and collaboration for disaster risk management and climate change adaptation in Australia.Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,58(5), pp.757-776. Leonard, S., Parsons, M., Olawsky, K. and Kofod, F., 2013. The role of culture and traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation: Insights from East Kimberley, Australia.Global Environmental Change,23(3), pp.623-632. Taylor, R.G., Scanlon, B., Dll, P., Rodell, M., Van Beek, R., Wada, Y., Longuevergne, L., Leblanc, M., Famiglietti, J.S., Edmunds, M. and Konikow, L., 2013. Ground water and climate change.Nature Climate Change,3(4), p.322. Urban, M.C., 2015. Accelerating extinction risk from climate change.Science,348(6234), pp.571-573. VanDerWal, J., Murphy, H.T., Kutt, A.S., Perkins, G.C., Bateman, B.L., Perry, J.J. and Reside, A.E., 2013. Focus on poleward shifts in species' distribution underestimates the fingerprint of climate change.Nature Climate Change,3(3), p.239. Vardoulakis, S., Dear, K., Hajat, S., Heaviside, C., Eggen, B. and McMichael, A.J., 2014. Comparative assessment of the effects of climate change on heat-and cold-related mortality in the United Kingdom and Australia.Environmental health perspectives,122(12), p.1285. Wheeler, S., Zuo, A. and Bjornlund, H., 2013. Farmers climate change beliefs and adaptation strategies for a water scarce future in Australia.Global Environmental Change,23(2), pp.537-547. Wroe, S., Field, J.H., Archer, M., Grayson, D.K., Price, G.J., Louys, J., Faith, J.T., Webb, G.E., Davidson, I. and Mooney, S.D., 2013. Climate change frames debate over the extinction of megafauna in Sahul (Pleistocene Australia-New Guinea).Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(22), pp.8777-8781.

What Makes DuPont Essay Samples Popular?

What Makes DuPont Essay Samples Popular?It is no secret that hundreds of thousands of students get great paper's from their Pearson, Duke, Phi Delta Kappa, and William and Mary Essay Packages. So why are they so popular? This popularity has led to an influx of essay samples that can be found online. These essays offer many great advantages over the older versions.For one thing, these essays can be found with their original source. There was a time when you had to be lucky enough to find someone who had taken one of these Essay Packages. Now, you can access them right online with no fear of censorship.One of the best advantages to these essays is that they are written by famous authors. You may not know this, but there are millions of 'anonymous' or otherwise anonymous writers. In these essays you will find names like Ayn Rand, Malcolm Gladwell, and William Styron.All of these authors have had a large impact on the way people think and write, so why not you? If you do not know who the se authors are, you can find out easily on the internet. Many sites allow you to upload a piece of writing and ask for your opinion.Not only can you find different opinions, but you will also find writers who will even take a stab at rewriting your work. This will give you a better understanding of how a real person wrote your paper. It can be quite an eye opener.The other advantage of these essay samples is that they are available in as many formats as you would like. There are great Word, PDF, and Text file versions to choose from. Many of the students that took these Essay Packages found them very helpful. However, they could not afford to spend the time to go through all of them.There are now hundreds of other Essay Packages available online. Finding and reviewing these essay samples can become a bit tedious. That is why they are now available in electronic form. This is why the popularity of these Essay Packages continues to grow.

Environmental Pollution Concerns Come To Forefront Essays

Environmental Pollution Concerns Come To Forefront Essays Environmental pollution concerns come to forefront Reports that the state finds El Dorado Irrigation District's drinking water system primitive, outdated and an avenue for hazardous pollutants sent El Dorado County residents scrambling for more information Wednesday. The message that pregnant, elderly and sick residents should boil their water or buy it bottled was buried in fine print in the 28,000 notices mailed in September to EID customers. Dozens of residents called EID offices Wednesday after The Bee obtained a copy of a state report showing photographs of manure piles, animal carcasses, mats of algae and other contaminants in and near EID's open reservoirs. "That article made me a firm believer that I'm not crazy," said Sue Reimer, who was seven months pregnant in 1996 when she was diagnosed with giardia, a water-borne virus that causes intestinal problems. The El Dorado engineer said she was drinking only EID water and lots of it, at her doctor's suggestion. There's no confirmed connection between EID's water and illness in El Dorado County, county officials say. The problem at EID, state health officials say, is that after the district filters water drawn from the American River, it stores the water in small reservoirs open to the elements. Most other water districts use closed steel or concrete tanks. Only a few other California water districts currently store treated water in open reservoirs, including those in McCloud, Santa Barbara, Montecito, Carpinteria and Los Angeles. None of those has as many as the 11 used in EID. The El Dorado reservoir water consistently meets state health standards on bacteria, EID officials say, because the district constantly bubbles chlorine from nearby tanks into the reservoirs and sends the water on to homes. But they admit their open reservoirs expose the water to contamination by disease-causing agents for which there are no health standards or required testing in small water districts: giardia, viruses and cryptosporidium. "We are more vulnerable because they are not covered," said Marjie Lopez Read, EID water quality superintendent, "even though the treatment is complete at the water plants." William Hetland, EID general manager, said the district hasn't ignored the problem of covered reservoirs. Several years ago, he said, it began buying rubberized membrane covers for the reservoirs. Seven had already been installed when, in July, the California Department of Health Services ordered the district to either build steel tanks or put concrete lids on all of its reservoirs. The rubber covers, the state decided after a 1997 investigation, allow too much contamination of treated water by animals, vegetation and rain. "We've been addressing this problem," said Hetland. "Maybe not as fast as they'd like, but we have been addressing the problem." Until 1990, he said, the district didn't even filter its water. It simply pumped American River water to the reservoirs and treated it with chlorine. The state put EID on a four-year schedule to cover its reservoirs, a job that EID board member Raymond Larsen estimated would cost $30 million to $40 million and force the district, with an annual water supply budget of $10 million, to raise rates 50 percent. The state also ordered the district to advise customers that if they're elderly, pregnant, ill, HIV-positive, undergoing cancer therapy or otherwise suffering from a compromised immune system, they should either use bottled water or boil their water. A flier titled "EID News from the Water Front" was mailed to all customers and sent home with school children, Hetland said. But several residents said they either didn't notice it or didn't realize its significance. The warning about boiling water appeared on the third page. "I never saw this notice," said resident Reimer. "I always look." To back up its enforcement order, the Department of Health Services prepared a vividly photographed report that didn't circulate much beyond the EID board of directors. It shows bird droppings, dead frogs and birds, beer bottles, the footprints of human swimmers, runoff from horse and cattle pastures and animal skeletons in the reservoirs. "If an infected cow, while grazing, defecates into the drinking water stored in this reservoir," states the caption to one photo in the report, "the water becomes contaminated with literally millions of Cryptosporidium organisms." Water quality experts

Shylock From the Merchant of Venice Character Analysis

Shylock From the Merchant of Venice Character Analysis A  Shylock character analysis can tell us a lot about The Merchant of Venice. Shylock, the Jewish moneylender is the villain of the play and the audience response  depends on how he is portrayed in performance. An actor will hopefully be able to extract sympathy for Shylock from the audience, despite his vengeful bloodthirsty and greedy proclivities. Shylock  the Jew His position as a Jew is made much of in the play and in Shakespeare’s Britain some might argue, that this would have positioned him as a baddy, however, the Christian characters in the play are also open to criticism and as such Shakespeare is not necessarily judging him for his religious belief but demonstrating intolerance in both religions. Shylock refuses to eat with the Christians: Yes, to smell pork, to eat of the habitation which your prophet the Nazerite conjured the devil into! I will buy with you, sell with you, talk to you, walk with you, and so following, but I will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you. He also questions the Christians for their treatment of others: ...what these Christians are, Whose own hard dealings teaches them to suspect the thoughts of others! Could Shakespeare be commenting here on the way Christians converted the world to their religion or on the way that they treat other religions? Having said this, there are a lot of insults leveled at Shylock merely based on his being a Jew, many suggesting that he is akin to the devil: A modern audience may find these lines insulting. A modern audience would surely consider his religion to be of no consequence in terms of his status as a villain, he could be considered a reprehensible character who also happens to be a Jewish man. Must Jessica convert to Christianity in order to be accepted by Lorenzo and his friends? This is the implication. That the Christian characters are considered the goodies in this narrative and the Jewish character the baddy of the piece, suggests some judgment against being Jewish. However, Shylock is permitted to give as good as he gets against Christianity and is able to level similar insults as he receives. Shylock  the Victim To an extent, we feel sorry for Shylock’s victimization based solely on his Jewishness. Apart from Jessica who converts to Christianity, he is the only Jewish character and it feels he is somewhat ganged up on by all of the other characters. Had he just have been ‘Shylock’ without the religion, almost certainly one could argue a modern audience would have less sympathy for him? As a result of this assumption, would Shakespeare’s audience have had less sympathy for him because of his status as a Jew? Shylock  the Villain? Shylock’s position as a villain per se is possible to debate. Shylock is sticking to his bond to his word. He is true to his own code of conduct. Antonio signed that bond and promised that money, Shylock has been wronged; he has had his money stolen from him by his daughter and Lorenzo. However, Shylock is offered three times his money back and he still demands his pound of flesh; this moves him into the realms of villainy. It depends on his portrayal as to how much an audience has sympathy for his position and character as to how much he is judged at the end of the play. He is certainly left at the end of the play with very little to his name, although at least he is able to keep his property until his death. I think it would be difficult not to feel some sympathy for Shylock as all the characters celebrate at the end while he is all alone. It would be interesting to revisit Shylock in the years following and find out what he did next. â€Å"The devil can cite scripture for his purpose† (Act 1 Scene 3)â€Å"Certainly the Jew is the very devil incarnation;† (Act 2 Scene 2)